A Activity diagram used in UML 6/9 and SysML B Bachman diagram Booch used in software engineering Block diagram Block Definition Diagram BDD used in SysML C Carroll diagram Cartogram Catalytic cycle Chemical equation Curly arrow diagram Category theory diagrams Cause-and-effect diagram Chord diagram Circuit diagram Class diagram from UML 1/9 Collaboration diagram from UML 2.0 Communication diagram from UML 2.0 Commutative diagram Comparison diagram Component diagram from UML 3/9 Composite structure diagram from UML 2.0 Concept map Constellation diagram Context diagram Control flow diagram Contour diagram Cordier diagram Cross functional flowchart D Data model diagram Data flow diagram Data structure diagram Dendrogram Dependency diagram Deployment diagram from UML 9/9 Dot and cross diagram Double bubble map used in education Drakon-chart E Entity-Relationship diagram ERD Event-driven process chain Euler diagram Eye diagram a diagram of a received telecommunications signal Express-G Extended Functional Flow Block Diagram EFFBD F Family tree Feynman diagram Flow chart Flow process chart Flow diagram Fusion diagram Free body diagram G Gantt chart shows the timing of tasks or activities used in project management Grotrian diagram Goodman diagram shows the fatigue data example: for a wind turbine blades H Hasse diagram HIPO diagram I Internal Block Diagram IBD used in SysML IDEF0 IDEF1 entity relations Interaction overview diagram from UML Ishikawa diagram J Jackson diagram K Karnaugh map Kinematic diagram L Ladder diagram Line of balance Link grammar diagram M Martin ERD Message Sequence Chart Mind map used for learning, brainstorming, memory, visual thinking and problem solving Minkowski spacetime diagram Molecular orbital diagram N N2 Nassi Shneiderman diagram or structogram a representation for structured programming Nomogram Network diagram O Object diagram from UML 2/9 Organigram Onion diagram also known as "stacked Venn diagram" P Package diagram from UML 4/9 and SysML Parametric diagram from SysML PERT Petri net shows the structure of a distributed system as a directed bipartite graph with annotations Phylogenetic tree - represents a phylogeny evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms Piping and instrumentation diagram P&ID Phase diagram used to present solid/liquid/gas information Plant Diagram Pressure volume diagram used to analyse engines Pourbaix diagram Process flow diagram or PFD used in chemical engineering Program structure diagram R Radar chart Radial Diagram Requirement Diagram Used in SysML Rich Picture R-diagram Routing diagram S Sankey diagram represents material, energy or cost flows with quantity proportional arrows in a process network. Sentence diagram represents the grammatical structure of a natural language sentence. Sequence diagram from UML 8/9 and SysML SDL/GR diagram Specification and Description Language. SDL is a formal language used in computer science. Smith chart Spider chart Spray diagram SSADM Structured Systems Analysis and Design Methodology used in software engineering Star chart/Celestial sphere State diagram are used for state machines in software engineering from UML 7/9 Swim lane Syntax diagram used in software engineering to represent a context-free grammar Systems Biology Graphical Notation a graphical notation used in diagrams of biochemical and cellular processes studied in Systems biology System context diagram System structure Systematic layout planning T Timing Diagram: Digital Timing Diagram Timing Diagram: UML 2.0 TQM Diagram Treemap U UML diagram Unified Modeling Language used in software engineering Use case diagram from UML 5/9 and SysML V Value Stream Mapping Venn diagram Voronoi diagram W Warnier-Orr Williot diagram Y Yourdon-Coad see Edward Yourdon, used in software engineering
POKO profylakse Tiltak for å redusere risiko: Bruke regionalanestesi – Minst mulig bruk av opiater Mest mulig bruk av NSAIDs COX 2 hemmer: multimodal analgesia. Unngå dehydrering: tillate væske inntak inntil 2 timer før operasjon, eller IV crystalloider. Tilstreb normovolemi perioperativt. Unngå anestesigasser. Unngå lystgass ...
Det finnes en prosedyre i KSK som omtaler profylakse, risikoscoring, og behandling av POKO generelt, se Postoperativ kvalme og oppkast. Pasienter som opereres ved DKS har enkelte tilleggsmomenter som bør taes i betraktning når en vurderer POKO profylakse og behandling: Flesteparten av pasientene ved DKS skrives ut fra postop til eget hjem hvor de ikke har kompetanse og tilgang på ...
Tiltak for å redusere forekomst av ostoperativ kvalme og oppkast (POKO): Intravenøs anestesi, opiatsparende smertebehandling, regionalanestesi, tilstrekkelig væsketilførsel. Ved enkelte inngrep er det spesielt viktig å unngå POKO: Ved økt intrakranielt trykk, kjevelås, inngrep på ventrikkel øsofagus. Postoperativt kan hypotensjon, hypovolemi, hypoglykemi og smerter utløse POKO.
Anfallsbehandling ved POKO Pasienter som har fått kvalmeprofylakse bør fortrinnsvis få anfallsbehandling med et medikament fra en annen gruppe antiemetika. Metokloperamid er dårlig dokumentert som antiemetikum hos barn og anbefales ikke. ondansetron 0,1 mg kg (maks. 4 mg) x 1 3 iv er førstevalg OBS forlenget QT deksametason 0. ...
Postoperativ kvalme og oppkast (POKO) Se link for veiledning i hvordan vi kan behandle POKO ved Orto PO: Postoperativ kvalme og oppkast (POKO), OrtoPO ORUS4 POKO OrtoPO.pdf
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Skjemaet brukes på følgende pasientgrupper som skal ha eller få følgende typer smertebehandling: Epidural med kateter. PNB (P erifere N erve B lokader) med kateter. PCA iv (P asient C ontrol A nalgesi – intravenøs opioid) Ketanest infusjon iv postoperativt. Ved bruk av ”single shot” blokader på postoperativ avdeling hvis pasienten allerede har etablert et skjema. Definisjoner ...
Se også Postoperativ kvalme og oppkast (POKO) Monitorering Standard, ellers i forhold til pas. tilstand. Kraniotomier i GA skal ha invasiv BT måling, temperaturmåling og TOF i tillegg. Blærekateter og TD ved inngrep > 2 timer. Perop.: Syre base, Hb, Na, K, Cl og bls. min. hver 2. time. Nevrogent lungeødem Ses ved hodeskader og ...
Høy frekvens av POKO. Vurder risikofaktorer og gi evt. profylakse. Kirurgene aksepterer bruk av NSAIDs postoperativt bortsett fra ved rekonstruksjoner av mamma. Pas. med endokrine tumores kan ha Multiple Endokrine Neoplasier (MEN). Se nedenunder for mer om de enkelte inngrep.
Postoperativ kvalme og oppkast (POKO) 1. valg ved anfall av POKO hos barn er Ondansetron 0,15mg kg iv. (OBS gir forlenget QT intervall). Dexamethason er dokumentert å forebygge POKO i doser på 0,2 mg kg iv. Droperidol har dokumentert effekt både som profylakse og anfallsbehandling i doser på 25 µg kg iv.
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